Disks
How RouterOS detects, formats and manages disks and partitions: slot names, automatic mounting, mount points, partitions, swap space, RAM-backed folders, file system checks and performance tests.
Disks
RouterOS detects the storage drives connected to the router (USB, SATA, NVMe and microSD drives) and mounts them automatically at boot or when they are plugged in. You can use as many drives as the router supports, for example for the User Manager database, the web proxy cache, container storage or log files.
This page covers the drives themselves: how they are detected, formatted and managed. Network storage protocols (iSCSI, NFS, SMB, NVMe over TCP), RAID and the advanced file systems are part of the Storage package and are covered in the Storage section.
信息
The Storage package adds disk monitoring, RAID, rsync, iSCSI, NVMe over TCP, NFS, an SMB client and the Btrfs and XFS file systems. See the Storage section for details. 危险
Always use
/disk/ejectbefore physically removing a disk from a RouterOS device, otherwise data can be lost.
How disks are detected
The /disk menu lists every attached storage device that is supported and in working condition, including empty drive slots. Each drive gets a slot name from the interface it is connected with and a number, for example usb1, sata1 or nvme1.
[admin@MikroTik] > /disk/print proplist=slot,model,interface,size,fs where slot=nvme9
Flags: B - BLOCK-DEVICE
Columns: SLOT, MODEL, INTERFACE, SIZE, FS
# SLOT MODEL INTERFACE SIZE FS
0 B nvme9 TS1TUTE210T PCIe 2x8 GT/s 1 024 209 543 168 -
Key flags in the print output:
B - BLOCK-DEVICEmarks a device that stores data, so it can be formatted and used. Devices without this flag, for example a PCIe bridge, only describe the disk layout.E - EMPTYmarks an empty slot.M - MOUNTEDmarks a disk or partition whose file system is mounted.
The complete flag list is described in the Disks CLI Reference.
A drive with a supported file system and partition table is mounted automatically and appears in /file. To confirm that a drive is usable, check that it is present in /file after it is connected.
Format a disk
The first thing to do with a new drive is to format it. To format a disk, select the file system and run /disk/format with the slot name. RouterOS asks for confirmation, formats the drive and mounts it automatically:
[admin@MikroTik] > /disk/format nvme9 file-system=ext4
nvme9: file-system: ext4
nvme9: mke2fs -t ext4 -L nvme9-fs /dev/nvme0n1
...
nvme9: Creating journal (262144 blocks): done
nvme9: Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
nvme9: format done
Without a label, RouterOS labels the file system <slot>-fs, so the label of nvme9 is nvme9-fs. File system choices:
ext4- the default choice for most use cases. Supports multiple partitions, journaling and is fast.fat32andexfat- readable by almost any device, for example cameras or Android phones.fat32has a 4 GB file size limit.btrfsandxfs- advanced file systems that need the Storage package. See Btrfs.discardanddiscard-secure- discard all blocks of the drive without writing a file system.wipeandwipe-quick- remove the file system and all data.wipeoverwrites the data so it cannot be recovered;wipe-quickonly removes the file system.
Formatting destroys all data on the target. For a disk with a partially filled file system, use file-system=wipe-quick to remove it fast.
After formatting, the drive is mounted automatically:
[admin@MikroTik] > /disk/print where slot=nvme9
Flags: B - BLOCK-DEVICE; M - MOUNTED
Columns: SLOT, MOUNT-POINT, MODEL, INTERFACE, SIZE, FS
# SLOT MOUNT-POINT MODEL INTERFACE SIZE FS
0 BM nvme9 nvme9 TS1TUTE210T PCIe 2x8 GT/s 1 024 209 543 168 ext4
[admin@MikroTik] > /file/print where name~"nvme9"
Columns: NAME, TYPE, LAST-MODIFIED
# NAME TYPE LAST-MODIFIED
0 nvme9 disk 2026-09-25 11:47:05
1 nvme9/lost+found directory 2026-09-25 11:47:05
Mount points
A mounted file system is accessible under its mount point, which is also the path prefix used in /file and when other features reference a file. By default the mount point is the slot name, so files on nvme1 are addressed as nvme1/....
When the same drive can end up in different slots between boots, for example in a multi-bay enclosure, give it a stable mount point with mount-point-template. The template can combine the following variables:
[slot][model][serial][fw-version][fs-label][fs-uuid][fs]
For example, to mount a drive by its serial number:
/disk/set nvme1 mount-point-template="[serial]"
Variables can be combined, for example mount-point-template="[model]-[fs]". An empty template is rejected. The default-mount-point-template setting in /disk/settings applies the template to every new disk and partition.
Partitions
To split a drive into several partitions, format it without a partition table and then add partitions. RouterOS keeps the partition information in a GUID partition table (GPT).
/disk/format nvme9 file-system=ext4
/disk/add type=partition parent=nvme9 partition-size=4G
[admin@MikroTik] > /disk/print where slot~"nvme9"
Flags: B - BLOCK-DEVICE; g - GUID-PARTITION-TABLE, p - PARTITION
Columns: SLOT, MODEL, INTERFACE, SIZE, FS
# SLOT MODEL INTERFACE SIZE FS
0 Bg nvme9 TS1TUTE210T PCIe 2x8 GT/s 1 024 209 543 168 -
1 Bp nvme9-part1 TS1TUTE210T 4 000 000 000 -
Each partition gets a slot name of its own, derived from the parent: the first partition of nvme9 is nvme9-part1. The g - GUID-PARTITION-TABLE flag marks the parent and p - PARTITION marks the partitions.
- Without
partition-size, the partition uses all remaining space on the drive. - Use
partition-offsetto set where the partition starts, in bytes. - A partition is used like a disk: format it, mount it and manage it under its own slot name.
mbr-partition-table=yesin/disk/formatwrites an MBR partition table instead; use it only when a GPT table is not accepted by the target system.
Swap space
信息
Swap space requires the container package. Swap space is reserved for containers and lets them run with more memory than the router has. It can be a whole partition or a file. Swap size is limited to 10 times the router's available RAM.
A swap partition dedicates the whole disk or partition to swap and gives better performance than a file:
/disk/set nvme9-part1 swap=yes
A swap file resides on an existing file system, for example on a Btrfs disk, and uses only as much space as its size:
/disk/add type=file file-path=nvme9-part1/swapfile file-size=512M swap=yes
The swap file appears in /disk with the S - SWAP-ENABLED flag:
[admin@MikroTik] > /disk/print where slot~"nvme9"
Flags: B - BLOCK-DEVICE; M - MOUNTED, S - SWAP-ENABLED
g - GUID-PARTITION-TABLE, p - PARTITION
Columns: SLOT, MOUNT-POINT, SIZE, FS, SWAP
# SLOT MOUNT-POINT SIZE FS SWAP
0 B g nvme9 1 024 209 543 168 - no
1 BMp nvme9-part1 nvme9-part1 4 000 000 000 ext4 no
2 S file-nvme9-part1-swapfile 536 866 816 - yes
RAM-backed folder
To keep files in RAM, add a tmpfs folder. Its content is emptied when the router reboots or loses power.
/disk/add type=tmpfs tmpfs-max-size=100M
The folder appears in /file as a disk entry, for example tmp1. tmpfs-max-size caps how much RAM the folder can use. Use a RAM-backed folder on devices with limited storage or for data that must be cleared on reboot. For size limits, sharing and what happens after a reboot, see Tmpfs.
Mount images
RouterOS can also mount .iso and .squashfs images directly. To mount an image, use the following command:
/disk/add type=file file-path=disk1/mycopy.iso
Make sure you change disk1/mycopy.iso to your correct path, where the image is located.
Log on disk
When configuring logging on disk, make sure that you create directories in which you want to store the log files manually, as non-existent directories will not be created automatically in this case.
[admin@MikroTik] > /system/logging/action/set disk disk-file-name=disk1/log
The log files appear in /file under the directory you created:
[admin@MikroTik] > /file/print where name~"disk1/log"
# NAME TYPE SIZE CREATION-TIME
0 disk1/log directory 2015-07-03 12:44:09
1 disk1/log/syslog.0.txt .txt file 160 2015-07-03 12:44:11
说明
Logging topics such as firewall and web-proxy tend to save a large amount or rapid printing of logs on the system NAND disk, which can wear it out faster. Use attached storage or remote logging in this case, or save data in a RAM folder.
Web proxy cache on a disk
The web proxy carries its cache on a disk, usually a USB drive. Set the cache path under IP -> Proxy (the cache-path setting of /ip/proxy) and the web proxy store is automatically created in /file. If a non-existent directory path is used, the additional sub-directories are also created automatically:
[admin@MikroTik] > /ip/proxy/set cache-path=usb1/cache-n-db/proxy/
[admin@MikroTik] > /file/print
# NAME TYPE SIZE CREATION-TIME
0 skins directory 2015-03-02 18:56:23
1 sys-note.txt .txt file 23 2015-07-03 11:40:48
2 usb1 disk 2015-07-03 11:35:05
3 usb1/lost+found directory 2015-07-03 11:34:56
4 usb1/cache-n-db directory 2015-07-03 11:41:54
5 usb1/cache-n-db/proxy web-proxy store 2015-07-03 11:42:09
See Web proxy for the cache configuration.
Check and repair
/disk/check and /disk/repair run a file system check on a drive, the equivalent of fsck/e2fsck. They work on ext4, Btrfs and XFS. A file system that is still in use cannot be checked:
/disk/check nvme9-part1
Columns: OUTPUT
OUTPUT
could not unmount, stop using it first
This also happens when a swap file on the partition keeps it in use - remove the swap item before checking the partition. Unmount the file system first:
/disk/set nvme9-part1 mount-filesystem=no
check reports errors without changing anything:
/disk/check nvme9-part1
Columns: OUTPUT
OUTPUT
e2fsck 1.46.5 (30-Dec-2021)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
nvme9-part1-fs: 12/244320 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 166617/976562 blocks
repair fixes the errors it finds:
/disk/repair nvme9-part1
Columns: OUTPUT
OUTPUT
e2fsck 1.46.5 (30-Dec-2021)
nvme9-part1-fs: clean, 12/244320 files, 166617/976562 blocks
Test disk performance
/disk/test measures the sustained throughput and IOPS of a drive. The test runs in the background and prints a row per completed block, plus a TOT row that aggregates the result.
/disk/test disk=nvme9-part2 direction=read pattern=sequential type=device block-size=4K duration=20
Columns: SEQ, RATE, IOPS, BYTES, DISK, THREAD, TYPE, PATTERN, DIR, BSIZE, STATE
... 11.7Gbps 359 651 1404.9MiB nvme9-part2 0 device sequential read 4096
... 11.8Gbps 360 192 1407.0MiB nvme9-part2 0 device sequential read 4096
R TOT 11.8Gbps 360 676 26.1GiB nvme9-part2 0 device sequential read 4096
direction=readleaves the drive content unchanged and works on a mounted file system.direction=writedestroys all data on the target; run write tests only on drives you are ready to wipe.- Give the test a
durationso it stops by itself; without one it keeps running until stopped. - A new test prepares for a while - the
statecolumn showsclear cachesuntil it starts producing numbers.
危险
Disk performance tests may slowly degrade disk health.
A write will destroy all data on the drive it is run on.
Monitor traffic and counters
/disk/monitor-traffic shows live activity of a drive: I/O operations, transferred bytes and speed, as totals and per second:
/disk/monitor-traffic nvme9-part2 once
slot: nvme9-part2
read-ops: 113 229
read-ops-per-second: 0
read-bytes: 29 668 814 848
read-rate: 0bps
read-merges: 0
read-time: 48s149ms
write-ops: 0
/disk/reset-counters resets these counters to zero, including the error counters.
Eject and scan
Before removing a drive, eject it so no data is lost:
/disk/eject nvme9
An ejected drive is unmounted and its slot shows the E - EMPTY flag until the drive is removed. /disk/scan re-detects drives that were plugged in or removed without a reboot and brings back a drive after reconnecting it.
/disk/trim discards the unused blocks of a mounted file system (fstrim equivalent) so SSD write performance does not degrade. Trimming is not supported on USB drives, and some NVMe enclosures do not support it either.
S.M.A.R.T. drive health
Drive health monitoring with S.M.A.R.T. reads the diagnostics of drives that support it, for example temperature, use and error counters. See S.M.A.R.T. info.
Related
- Storage - RAID, network storage protocols and the advanced file systems.
- Containers - uses disk space for images and swap space.
- S.M.A.R.T. info - drive health monitoring.
- Disks CLI Reference - every command and parameter of
/disk.